Quizlet Final

POLS-1000 Final

1. What is federalism?

   • System of gov where authority to make laws and raise revenue is divided between national and regional gov

2. What are federal constitutions and federal societies?

   • Legal and sociological approaches to federalism

3. What benefits does federalism combine?

   • Greater size (economy and security)
   • Retention of regional control and recognition of diversity

4. What sustains a federal state?

   • Sense of political nationality or community
   • Belief that status quo is preferable to consequences of break-up

5. When is a federal union likely to be questioned?

   • When the conditions sustaining the system no longer exist or are under pressure

6. When forming its gov, what were some issues between the colonies?

   • Some Ontario (or CAD West) politicians favored a unitary system of gov
   • Most other colony leaders were unwilling to give up power to new national gov

7. What colonies or provinces supported what gov?

   • Ontario favoured unitary gov
   • Quebec wanted to retain control over culture
   • Maritime provinces insistent on federal form of gov

8. What did provisions of the Constitution Act 1867 declare the form of gov would be?

   • Federal gov was expected to be the superior level of gov

9. What is quasi federalism?

   • System of gov that mixes both federal and unitary features
   • Power divided into central authority and smaller regions
   • Strong bias towards the central gov

10. What are the quasi-federal features of the constitution and what did they do?

• Reservation and disallowance
• Allowed federal gov to review, delay, or void provincial legislation.

11. What is the Paramountcy Doctrine?

• Allows court to render a law inoperative when faced with two conflicting laws between different forms of gov
• Federal law prevails

12. What is the emergency doctrine?

• Emergencies Act gives progressively broader powers to PM and Cabinet under 4 different types of emergencies

13. What acts broadened the emergency doctrine?

• POGG: local prohibition case (1896)
• Board of Commerce (1922)
• Anti-inflation Act (1976)

14. What have courts supported Ottawa doing in relations to interprovincial trade?

• Broader interpretation of Ottawa’s power to regulate interprovincial trade

15. What is fiscal federalism?

• Practice of allocating revenue raising and expenditure responsibilities across different gov levels

16. What is the root problem of fiscal federalism?

• Gap between the cost of provincial responsibilities
• Province’s revenue raising

17. What has Ottawa done in regards to fiscal federalism in CAD?

• Helped finance share-cost programs administered by provinces

18. What do court rulings do during conflicts between Ottawa and the provinces?

• Do not provide final word in jurisdictional conflicts but can provide a basis for further governmental negotiations

19. What was Alberta’s 2021 referendum about?

• Gov’s commitment to making equalization payments being removed from the constitution

20. What are some more current issues relating to Alberta?

• Alberta Sovereignty Act
• CPP

21. What are the various political parties in Canada?

• Conservative Party New Democratic Party Liberal Party Le Bloc Quebecois
• People’s Party Green Party

22. What are the various functions of political parties?

• Integrating citizens into pol system
• Developing policy
• Elite recruitment
• Organizing gov
• Structuring vote and organizing public opinion
• Interest aggression

23. What are brokerage parties?

• Pol party that focuses on inflexible policy positions in favor of an adaptable centrist style of politics

24. What are Canada’s two historically dominant political parties?

• Conservative party
• Liberal party

25. How far back can the Conservative and Liberal parties be traced back to?

• To the shifting coalitions in the united province of CAD in the 1840s and 1850s

26. What is patronage?

• Support, encouragement, or financial aid by an individual or org to another person or group

27. What have Canada’s dominant pol parties continued to do ideologically?

• Continued to be more flexible, opportunistic, dominated by leaders, and wary of ideological appeals to the electorate

28. What does brokerage theory claim about Canada’s dominant political parties?

• They do not appeal to specific socio-economic groupings and lack cohesive ideological visions
• Parties are flexible and opportunistic because this behavior is necessary to preserve the fragile unity of the nation

29. What is the centrist style of politics also known as?

• Big tent

30. What is the centrist or “big tent” style of politics necessary for?

• To form a gov under an election system like CADs

31. What type of governments rule under proportional reprsentation?

• Multi-party coalition gov

32. What does brokerage politics not permit?

• Some interest and points of view to be adequately expressed through major parties

33. Where are marginalized interests and views expressed in brokerage politics?

• Other political parties, mainly third parties

34. What are some Canadian third-parties?

• Progressives Social Credit CCF-CDP Reform/Alliance BQ Green Party PPC

35. When was the rise of the Green Party?

• 1983

36. When was the rise of the Reform Party?

• 1987

37. When was the rise of the Bloc Quebecois?

• 1990

38. When was Canada a two-party system?

• From 1867-1930
• Small blip in 1921

39. What was formed in 1921?

• Progressive party

40. Why was the progressive party formed in 1921?

• By those in agriculture who thought 2 main parties were too focused on big cities rather than the farming community

41. When did Canada have a two-and-a-half-party system?

• 1935-1988

42. What created the two-and-a-half-party system?

• Formation of the NDP (once the CCF)

43. When did Canada have a multi-party system?

• 1993-present day

44. What does realignment refer to in regards to politics?

• Involves a durable change in the parties bases of electoral support

45. What was thought to happen to the Bloc Quebecois?

• Thought that they would disappear from the scene after capturing the second most seats in 1993
• 30 years later this has not happened and the BQ experienced a renaissance in 2019, 2021, and 2025

46. In the third phase of Canadian politics has a realignment taken place?

• no

47. What was a short lived realignment phenomenon among Quebec voters?

• NDP strong showing in 2011 and then to a lesser degree in 2015

48. Who competes for seats in the maritimes?

• Liberals and conservatives
• In 2015 and 2019 the liberals won

49. Who dominates voting in Ontario?

• Conservatives in much of the West
• However the NDP has strongholds in some parts of the West and in Urban areas

50. What type of electoral system does Canada have?

• First past the post
• Single-member, simple plurality

51. What is argued about Canada’s electoral system in regards to representation?

• It produces distorted representation

52. What types of parties are rewarded by Canada’s electoral system?

• Awards single most popular party and parties with regionally concentrated support
• Under-rewards parties with wide but not deep support

53. What do defenders of Canada’s electoral system argue?

• Produces a stable majority gov
• Also point out faults in proportional representation

54. Historically, what was voting behavior like amongst the liberal party?

• Greatest strength among French-speaking, Catholic, and Quebec voters
• Were successful in representing the ideological center of CAD politics

55. Historically, what was voting behavior like amongst the conservative party?

• More successful with Protestants, anglophones, and westerners

56. Historically, what was voting behavior like amongst the CCF-NDP?

• Support from unionized workers, some parts of western CAD farming communities, intellectuals, and voters in urban areas

57. What were party finances and campaign spending like pre-1974?

• No transparency
• Most of the major parties’ money came from big businesses
• NDP depended on union contributions and received a large number of small contributions from individuals

58. What did the Election Expenses Act of 1974 and changes to the Income Tax Act do to party finances and campaign spending?

• Provided transparency
• Tax credits to donors
• Established both paid and free broadcast time during campaigns

59. What did most parties do after the 1974 financial reforms?

• Increased their number and dependence on individual contributions

60. What did the liberal and conservative party rely on after the 1974 financial reforms?

• Continued to remain largely dependent on corporate money

61. What did the NDP rely on after the 1974 financial reforms?

• Union contributions

62. What was removed, relating to party finances, beginning in 2004?

• Public subsidies to all parties based on results of previous elections

63. What does the post 2004 party financing model look like?

• Private donations strictly limited
• Public subsidies to parties phased out
• Limits on spending by 3rd parties (non registered) during campaigns
• Limits on contributions to contestants in party leadership campaigns
• Paid access oppourtunities continue

64. What is the maximum amount that can be privately donated to political parties?

• $1,775

65. When were public subsidies phased out and how much were they worth?

• In 2015
• $1.95 per vote

66. What was the US election spending in 2020?

• 14 billion

67. What was Canada’s election spending in 2019?

• 121.5 million

68. How much money was spent per resident in both Canada and the US on elections?

• US $41perresidentCAD$3.23 per resident

69. What percentage of spending do the liberal, conservatives, and NDP spend on advertising?

• Liberals 53% Conservative 55% NDP 44%

70. What type of advertising do most pol parties spend their money on?

• TV advertising

71. What did Lord Durham state about Upper/Lower Canada in 1839?

• Two nations warring in the bosom of a single state

72. What was “La revanche des berceaux” and what does it mean?

• Revenge of the cradles
• 19th century to mid 20th century movement

73. What was the goal of “La revanche des berceaux”?

• Aimed to maintain French-Canadian cultural, religious, and political strength

74. Was “La revanche des berceaux” successful?

• It maintained the francophone share of CADs population until the 2nd half of the 20th century

75. What do Quebec immigrants do that causes a decline in the francophone population?

• Overwhelmingly choose English as the language of education for their kids

76. What was the % of Francophone population in Canada in 1971 and 2021?

• 27.2% in 1971 21.4% in 2021

77. What do provincial language laws restrict?

• The language choice available to immigrants for their kids education

78. What has happened to the French-speaking population in Quebec during this century?

• It has been in steady decline

79. Why is Quebec’s French-speaking population in the decline?

• Largely due to immigrants with mother tongues other than French and English opting to use English as their home language

80. What is the French speaking population like outside of Quebec?

• In all provinces it continues to lose members to the English majority

81. Who described the phenomenon the “bilingual belt”?

• Richard Joy in “Languages in Conflict”

82. What have studies shown will lead to the collapse of francophone communities outside of Quebec?

• Aging populations
• Low birth rates
• Marriage to non-francophones
• Lack of supportive social and economic milieus for French Speakers

83. What has happened to the level of bilingualism in Canada?

• Increased in recent decades mainly among younger Canadians

84. Where is Canada’s highest level of bilingualism?

• In Quebec

85. What has been heralded as a guarantee bilingualism will survive outside of Quebec?

• Immersion education

86. What is a potential flaw of immersion education?

• Receptive bilinguals
• Those who can understand a second language but cannot produce it fluently

87. What did French-Canadian nationalism emerge as/ out of?

• Emerged originally as a system of self defense

88. What does “La survivance” mean for French-Canadian nationalists?

• Survival in the face of anglicizing, materialistic pressures

89. What did Henri Bourassa declare inseperable?

• Preservation of the French language and the Catholic religion

90. What demonstrated the weakness of traditional nationalism’s hymn to the pastoral vocations of French Canadians?

• Emigration of hundred of thousands of Quebeckers to northeastern US during the 1800s

91. What was an issue preventing traditional nationalist’s vision for society?

• Anglophone control of the economy
• Quebec was becoming an urban-industrialized society like the rest of NA

92. What does “Maîtres chez nous” mean and what is it linked to?

• Masters in our own house
• Linked to The Quiet Revolution, a time of rapid change in Quebec in the 60s

93. What did ascendant nationalism of the 60s provide an understanding of?

• Quebec’s history, its economy, and social structure based on language and dependency

94. What did the dependency perspective portray Quebec as?

• A society whose evolution has been shaped and distorted by English Canadian economic and political dominance

95. What was the solution the dependency theory suggested?

• Quebec take control of their economic and political destiny

96. What created united reformers in Quebec in the 60s?

• Opposition to Maurice Duplessis
• The “unholy alliance”

97. What was the “unholy alliance”?

• When Nationalist Bourassa formed an alliance with anti-nationalist Tories to defeat Sir Wilfred Laurier.

98. Under the Quiet Revolution, what was there a split between?

• Federalists and separatists

99. What did federalists, such as Pierre Trudeau, believe in?

• National government and the possibility of national bilingualism

100. What did separatists such as, Rene Levesque, believe in?

• The protection of the French language and culture was best guaranteed by the Quebec state and independence

101. What is Bill 101, La Charte de la langue française?

• A territorial model of language rights

102. What does Bill 101 do?

• Establishes French as the official language of Quebec
• Limits the use of or access to other languages in education, provincial, and local public services

103. What does 2022’s Bill 96 do?

• Strengthens the Charter of the French Language, making French the mandatory language of commerce, business, and government services in Quebec

104. What does Bill 23 represent?

• Act representing the laicity (laïcité) of the state

105. What does Bill 21 do?

• Prevents public sector workers from wearing religious symbols (separation of church and state)

106. What does the Official Languages Act 1969 do?

• Established English and French as having equal status in all federal institutions
• Guaranteed service in either language

107. What were the goals of the Official Languages Act?

• Public’s right to be served in official language of choice
• Equitable representation of anglophones and francophones in public service positions
• Ability of public servants to work in language of their choice

108. What did sections 16-23 of the Charter’s guarantees of language rights do?

• Elevated language rights to a constitutional status
• Ensured mandatory bilingualism in Parliament, courts, and federal services,
• Strengthened minority language education rights.

109. What is Canada’s language rights model based on?

• Concept of Canada as a bilingual country in which an individuals language rights are portable across provinces

110. What has happened to anglophone and francophone representation?

• Anglophone rep on slight decline
• Francophone rep increasing

111. Are francophone overrepresented in Canada?

• In relationship to their share of population, yes

112. Are Quebec francophones attached to Canada?

• No, out of every Canadian population they have the least attachment to CAD
• (stats in slideshow)

113. Do foreigners know much about Canada?

• NO

114. What do Canadian’s tend to be like?

• Idealist who believe in the effectiveness of soft power

115. What do realists’ stress?

• Importance of hard power including military capacity and economic sanctions

116. What is idealist framework also known as?

• Liberal or constructivist framework

117. What does liberalist framework emphasize?

• Potential for diplomacy
• Multilateral co-operation
• Structures of international governance to control and resolve international conflict

118. What generated a nationalist backlash in Canada from the end of WWII to the mid 70s?

• Economic and military integration between CAD and the US

119. What did nationalists argue about Canada and the US integrating economically and militarily?

• Undermined Canadian political sovereignty, cultural distinctiveness, and economic independence

120. Are idealists more likely to be nationalists or continentalists?

• Nationalist
• Wary of CAD being too closely tied to the US

121. Are realists more likely to be nationalists or continentalists?

• Continentalists
• Believe ties with the US are the best way to protect and promote CADs economic and security interests

122. What has Canada’s economy always been dependent on?

• Markets abroad

123. What was Sir John A. Macdonald’s National Policy of 1879?

• A central, protectionist economic strategy designed to foster Canadian industrial growth, integrate the national economy, and secure the West.

124. What did Sir John A. Macdonald’s National Policy of 1879 do?

• High tariffs on foreign manufactured goods
• Accelerated transcontinental railway construction (CPR)
• Rapid Western settlement.

125. Up until the recent election of Donald Trump what did a majority of Canadians think about free trade?

• Supported free trade with the US and free trade in general

126. What is a major debate about Canadian globalization?

• How and in what instances it can/ should be controlled
• Whether our economic ties need to be diversified

127. Who creates the index of globalization, what does it include?

• Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
• Includes economic, social, and political globalization

128. What was the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)?

• Multilateral treaty designed to boost post-WWII economic recovery by reducing tariffs, quotas, and subsidies

129. What did GATT lead to the creation of?

• World Trade Organiziation in 1995

130. What is free trade agreement between North American countries?

• Was NAFTA (North American free trade agreement)
• Now CUSMA (Canada-United States-Mexico agreement)

131. What important theme of the political left has now become an issue on the political right?

• Anti-globalization

132. Why has made anti-globalization a bigger issue?

• Populist parties around the world (especially in Europe)
• 2016 US presidential election saw Trump and Sanders critical of globalization
• Brexit

133. Where can critics of globalization be found in Canada?

• Social science academics
• Media elite
• Labour movement leadership
• NDP
• Religious and social justice orgs
• Environmentalist and nationalist groups

134. What percent of Canadian exports of goods and services go to the US?

• Over 70%
• 20-25% of CADs GDP

135. What percent of Canada’s imports of goods and services come from the US?

• 50-60%

136. What is Canada’s largest source of foreign direct investment?

• US which currently accounts for half of CADs FDI

137. What caused the value of trade between the US and Canada to more than triple?

• Free Trade Agreement of 1989

138. What does Canada provide for the US?

• Major source of foreign important for 30/50 states
• Destination for over half the value of US automotive exports
• Largest foreign supplier of energy

139. What would ending Alberta’s petroleum exports to the US do to Canada and the US?

• Decimate the provincial economy, immediate drop in CADs GDP by 4%
• Not much for the US, Alberta’s petroleum exports only account for 8% of the petroleum used

140. What would happen to Canada and the US if the border was closed to automotive parts and vehicles from Canada?

• Represent an immediate 10% loss in ON’s GDP
• Impact on the overall US economy would amount to less than 1% of their GDP

141. Why did Canadian businesses lobby for free trade in the 80s?

• Due to dependence on a single market
• Due to ineffectiveness of the “Third Option” in 1972
• Growing American protectionism

142. What did NAFTA create?

• Architecture of dispute settlement rules, agencies, and monitoring requirements

143. When was NAFTA replaced with CUSMA?

• 2016 after election of Trump

144. What has reinforced the asymmetrical economic relationship between CAD and the US?

• policies from the FTA
• NAFTA/ CUSMA
• The Auto Pact
• CAD-US Defense Production Agreement

145. What do many Canadian governments support to dilute US dominance?

• Multilateralism

146. What is multilateralism?

• Practice of three or more nations coordinating policies and cooperating to address shared global challenges

147. What are some multilateral organizations Canada participates in?

• UN
• NATO
• World Bank
• OECD
• WTO

148. What are 2 prominent examples of Canada refusing or rejecting US interest?

• 2003 refusal to support war on Iraq
• 2004 rejection to participate in US-led missile defense system
• Both did not have a large impact on the US

149. What event limited Canada’s ability to differ from the US on certain issues?

• 9/11

150. How did 9/11 affect Canada and US relations?

• New US border security, air travel, and immigration
• CAD had to co-ordinate policies with the US

151. What are the main sources of immigration to Canada?

• Countries of the developing world

152. Is Canada open to foreign students?

• Yes, it is one of the world’s most open countries towards them

153. What is the movement of people believed to contribute towards?

• Understanding of other societies and culture
• Aspect of soft power

154. What is Canada’s military footprint like today?

• Currently smaller
• CADs UN peacekeeping missions dropped from 3000 peacekeepers in the 60-80s to five dozen today

155. Why was the reason for Canada’s recent military engagements?

• Its membership in NATO
• (specific engagement in lecture slides)

156. What is a potential are of military concern for Canada?

• CAD’s claims to territory and waters in the Arctic

157. Would increasing Canada’s military spending make a difference geopolitically?

• No
• CAD has 14th largest defense budget but this amount makes up 0.02% of the combined budgets of the US and China

158. What did Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland say in regards to Canada’s defense spending?

• Important to spend more on defense because relying on US security umbrella would make CAD a client state